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When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution.Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.Click Sign in through your institution.Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.Ĭhoose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: As a result, the process of globalization in the seventeenth century must be assessed while taking this into account as well.Get help with access Institutional accessĪccess to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. The mercantile success of Amsterdam was for a large part due to the financing of oppressive activities overseas. Furthermore, the colonial ventures of the Dutch Republic, in which Amsterdam and its merchants were deeply involved, raise questions on specific contribution of the city and its government.

They also built their networks around family ties and trust was as important as legal norms. Merchants were using a combination of legal institutions and instruments when pursuing their business goals. Yet, traders were not only resorting to municipal institutions notaries became increasingly popular. The Insolvency Chamber was an important institution that channeled information on the financial situation of indebted merchants and facilitated agreements between insolvent debtors and their creditors. Merchants made use of the city’s governmental and legal infrastructure, for example the aldermen’s certifications of debts and contracts as well as its courts. A search for oversight also related to the city’s institutions. Some groups received more rights than others. The efforts of legislating the different communities were on closer look not always inspired by equality. The aim to accommodate for the rights of different groups was balanced with a goal of public management. This resulted in challenges for its government. Amsterdam was a city that was open to newly arriving religious and expat communities, but nonetheless strived towards keeping control.

What is the importance of global city